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In 1135, King Henry I died with no male heir. Henry had named his daughter Matlida as heir, but she was an unpopular choice with the English barons. Upon Henry's death, Stephen of Blois, Henry's nephew, rushed to London to secure the throne for himself. Matilda was in France at the time of her father's death, so could not prevent Stephen usurping her throne. Matlida mounted a military campaign to regain power. Stephen's weak leadership caused discontent among the nobility and those who originally supported Stephen switched allegiances.
Address: Old Maltongate, Malton, YO17 7EGOpening: Summer daily, 8.30am-7.30pm; Winter weekends 8.30am-4pm.Prices: Free.
Details of the siege laid here by Archbishop Thurstan's army after the Battle of the Standard are scarce; it seems that Eustace Fitzjohn, who held the castle at Malton at that time, had taken the side of Matilda and King David I of Scotland against King Stephen of England during the Anarchy. He reportedly intended to deliver the castle up to David, and had given his men instructions to raid the surrounding villages. A portion of Thurstan's army accordingly besieged the castle on their return from the Battle of the Standard and burned the town. Nothing of Fitzjohn's castle now remains, but a steep earthen bank that falls away towards Castlegate and fragments of later stone walls are still visible. Distinguished visitors to Malton Castle have included Richard the Lionheart (1189), Edward II (1307) and Robert the Bruce (1322). The site is now a garden with pleasant woodland walks.
Address: Darlington Road, Northallerton DL6 2NTOpening: All year round.Prices: Free.
Also known as the Battle of Northallerton, this was one of only two major battles fought during the twelfth-century civil war known as ‘The Anarchy'. King David I of Scotland supported his niece Matilda in her claim to the English throne, and had occupied himself between 1136 and 1138 in seizing control of the border counties while her rival, King Stephen, was occupied with campaigns in the south.
When the Scottish king marched into Yorkshire with his son, Henry, and his English allies, however, he found his way barred by an army raised by Thurstan, Archbishop of York. This local army carried at its head a pole on which were mounted sacred artefacts and symbols, among them a silver pyx containing the Host, together with banners of Peter the apostle, John of Beverley and Wilfred of Ripon. This was the standard that was to give the battle its name.
On 22 August, the fighting commenced in an early morning mist, and probably lasted no longer than two hours. The Scottish attack, spearheaded by the lightly armed Galwegian infantry, met with a storm of English arrows. The Scots fell in great numbers, and even a successful cavalry charge by Prince Henry, which succeeded in punching through the English lines, did not turn the tide of the battle, which turned into a bloody rout. The Scots left behind many dead; the mass burials of horses and men which followed the battle are recalled in the name of a local trackway, Scot Pits Lane.
Fountains Abbey was founded in 1132 after thirteen monks left St Mary's Abbey, York, in the aftermath of a dispute and riot there. Archbishop Thurstan provided them with land suitable for the establishment of a monastery, and the community that grew up there was soon admitted to the Cistercian order. The abbey was swept up in the violent factionalism of the Anarchy in 1146, during a dispute over the appointment to the archbishopric of York. King
Stephen had appointed his nephew, William Fitzherbert, as Archbishop in 1140.
The Yorkshire Cistercians, who had been excluded from the election, opposed Fitzherbert, who was accused of simony and unchaste living. They campaigned to ha
ve him deposed, and were supported by Bernard of Clairvaux and Pope Eugenius III, himself a former Cistercian. Fitzherbert was eventually suspended by the Pope. His supporters directed their rage at Fountains and its abbot, Henry Murdac; an angry mob broke down the abbey's doors and set it alight.
Some accounts of the raid suggest that everything but the abbey church and the buildings immediately adjoining were entirely destroyed. Fitzherbert was eventually deposed, with Murdac taking his place. In the years that followed, an even more glorious abbey grew up at Fountains; Fitzherbert was restored to office on Murdac's death in 1153, but was dead within a month of returning to York (miracles were later attributed to him, and he is remembered as St William of York). Finally, each of the men who conducted the raid on the abbey is supposed to have met a horrible death, dying without absolution for his crime.
Type of establishment