The Great Railway Speculations : Volume 2: The Expansion of the Midland Railway Network in England 1848–1860

The establishment of the core railway network in the Midlands by the mid-nineteenth century led to further expansion and the creation of four principal operators: Great Northern Railway, Great Western Railway, London & North Western Railway and the Midland Railway.A host of new independent companies also appeared and various joint lines and railways remained under independent ownership, but the operation of trains was in the hands of one of these four main concerns. It was a period marked by intense rivalries, especially between the Great Western Railway, a broad-gauge operator, and the other companies which operated on standard gauge.In a short-term compromise, the mixed gauge was created, enabling the Great Western Railway to reach the West Midlands.Mergers and amalgamations were another key aspect of the period, with authorised routes being continually absorbed by the principal operators.Their shareholders profited from these takeovers, but there were plenty of schemes in which investors lost money, especially those that were authorised but, for various reasons, never happened. This second volume of The Great Railway Speculations explores a period of outstanding progress in civil engineering and locomotive design, when the four principal operating companies expanded their networks and consolidated their operations to provide an improved public service for passengers, freight and parcels traffic.Opportunities to make astonishing returns on investments remained as rich as ever, and yet there were also many projects that ended in failure and ruin.